Cogeneration Technology Alternatives Study (CTAS). Volume 4: Energy conversion systems

Industrial processes from the largest energy consuming sectors were used as a basis for matching a similar number of energy conversion systems that are considered as candidate which can be made available by the 1985 to 2000 time period. The sectors considered included food, textiles, lumber, paper, chemicals, petroleum, glass, and primary metals. The energy conversion systems included steam and gas turbines, diesels, thermionics, stirling, closed-cycle and steam injected gas turbines, and fuel cells. Fuels considered were coal, both coal and petroleum-based residual and distillate liquid fuels, and low Btu gas obtained through the on-site gasification of coal. An attempt was made to use consistent assumptions and a consistent set of ground rules specified by NASA for determining performance and cost. The advanced and commercially available cogeneration energy conversion systems studied in CTAS are fined together with their performance, capital costs, and the research and developments required to bring them to this level of performance

Cogeneration Technology Alternatives Study (CTAS). Volume 3: Industrial processes

Cogenerating electric power and process heat in single energy conversion systems rather than separately in utility plants and in process boilers is examined in terms of cost savings. The use of various advanced energy conversion systems are examined and compared with each other and with current technology systems for their savings in fuel energy, costs, and emissions in individual plants and on a national level. About fifty industrial processes from the target energy consuming sectors were used as a basis for matching a similar number of energy conversion systems that are considered as candidate which can be made available by the 1985 to 2000 time period. The sectors considered included food, textiles, lumber, paper, chemicals, petroleum, glass, and primary metals. The energy conversion systems included steam and gas turbines, diesels, thermionics, stirling, closed cycle and steam injected gas turbines, and fuel cells. Fuels considered were coal, both coal and petroleum based residual and distillate liquid fuels, and low Btu gas obtained through the on site gasification of coal. An attempt was made to use consistent assumptions and a consistent set of ground rules specified by NASA for determining performance and cost. Data and narrative descriptions of the industrial processes are given

Cogeneration Technology Alternatives Study (CTAS). Volume 5: Cogeneration systems results

The use of various advanced energy conversion systems is examined and compared with each other and with current technology systems for savings in fuel energy, costs, and emissions in individual plants and on a national level. About fifty industrial processes from the largest energy consuming sectors were used as a basis for matching a similar number of energy conversion systems that are considered as candidate which can be made available by the 1985 to 2000 time period. The sectors considered included food, textiles, lumber, paper, chemicals, petroleum, glass, and primary metals. The energy conversion systems included steam and gas turbines, diesels, thermionics, stirling, closed cycle and steam injected gas turbines, and fuel cells. Fuels considered were coal, both coal and petroleum based residual and distillate liquid fuels, and low Btu gas obtained through the on site gasification of coal. The methodology and results of matching the cogeneration energy conversion systems to approximately 50 industrial processes are described. Results include fuel energy saved, levelized annual energy cost saved, return on investment, and operational factors relative to the noncogeneration base cases

Cogeneration Technology Alternatives Study (CTAS). Volume 2: Analytical approach

The use of various advanced energy conversion systems were compared with each other and with current technology systems for their savings in fuel energy, costs, and emissions in individual plants and on a national level. The ground rules established by NASA and assumptions made by the General Electric Company in performing this cogeneration technology alternatives study are presented. The analytical methodology employed is described in detail and is illustrated with numerical examples together with a description of the computer program used in calculating over 7000 energy conversion system-industrial process applications. For Vol. 1, see 80N24797

Cogeneration Can Add To Your Profits

The predicted rapid escalation of gas and electric costs, particularly in those utility systems predominantly fired by gas, make it important for both industry and utilities to evaluate the role of cogeneration in their future plans. Industries requiring a continuous supply of steam and with fuel available at a cost not significantly higher than the utility will usually find that cogeneration with its higher fuel effectiveness can offer a significant saving in their costs of steam and powers at a return on investment above their required 'hurdle rate.' Also, cogeneration can offer important advantages to utilities, particularly those faced with the need to increase near term capacity but uncertainty as to the long term load growth. Cogeneration plants have a permit/construction period of two to three years and are rarely over 100 MW in size. To the extent sizable continuous steam loads are present in the utility system, cogeneration alleviates the uncertainty in projecting the need conventional large utility plants, adds efficient capacity in smaller increments and if jointly or wholly owned by industry reduces the capital costs to the utility. The PURPA regulations, with their procedures for calculating avoided cost, limit the benefits the utility and their customers can directly receive from industrially-owned cogeneration. They can share in the benefits if they are adequate to permit industry to receive a reasonable savings and return on their investment and a contract is negotiated to permit the utility and its customers to receive the remainder. Under the present PURPA, the utility can own up to 50% of a cogeneration plant and under this ownership arrangement, the utility and its customers can directly receive the benefits of cogeneration. When is cogeneration advantageous and what are the interactions between the industrial sites' energy requirements, the cogeneration plant configuration and its economics? Economics are the 'bottom line' in determining the potential for installing a cogeneration plant. In this paper, the performance and cost characteristics of various types of cogeneration plants, with emphasis on gas turbine plants, will be described together with their matching to the site energy requirements and the effect that these interactions together with fuel cost and electric power rates have on the economic benefit